Este trabalho tem por objetivo refletir sobre a relação entre a tese da mente estendida e do papel do corpo no uso das estratégias de aprendizagem. Nas discussões, tecemos algumas possíveis interseções entre a teoria das estratégias de aprendizagem com a tese da mente estendida de Andy Clark e David Chalmers e o papel do corpo. Em um primeiro momento, apresentamos a teoria das estratégias de aprendizagem. Em seguida, fizemos uma breve exposição da teoria da mente estendida. De modo subsequente, (...) refletimos sobre as possíveis aproximações entre o conceito de estratégias de aprendizagem e a tese da mente estendida e refletimos sobre o papel do corpo no uso de estratégias de aprendizagem. Por último, apresentamos as considerações finais como um esboço de possíveis contribuições da interseção entre as teorias e deixamos apontamentos para estudos futuros. (shrink)

A Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas é uma das metodologias de ensino que vem sendo adotada em diferentes níveis educacionais. O objetivo deste artigo é promover reflexões sobre a utilização dessa prática na educação básica do Brasil, em particular no campo da educação matemática. Este trabalho é um ensaio teórico que engloba pesquisas teóricos e práticas na área. A partir de inspirações da análise de conteúdo são evidenciados alguns resultados que parecem favorecer tanto a prática docente quanto as aprendizagens dos estudantes.

Princípios lakatosianos e a abordagem de problemas matemáticos na perspectiva do PBL: possíveis contribuições Resumo: Imre Lakatos foi um importante filósofo do século XX que abordou conhecimentos relacionados à ciência e à Matemática. Esta última é fortemente explorada na obra Provas e Refutações e é tratada neste artigo como base essencial para se explorar princípios lakatosianos relacionados à abordagem de problemas matemáticos. Tal perspectiva é abordada aqui sob o enfoque do Problem-Based Learning (PBL). O objetivo é explorar possíveis relações entre (...) determinadas contribuições filosóficas de Lakatos e uma abordagem em torno de problemas. Este artigo estrutura-se em bases de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório e bibliográfico. Pretende-se contribuir com a ampliação de estudos e reflexões envolvendo o campo da Filosofia e da Educação Matemática. Palavras-chave: Lakatos; Filosofia da Matemática; Provas e Refutações; Problemas matemáticos; PBL. Lakatosian principles and the approach of mathematical problems from the perspective of the pbl: possible contributions Abstract: Imre Lakatos was an important philosopher of the twentieth century who addressed knowledge related to science and mathematics. The latter is strongly explored in the work Proof and Refutation and is treated in this article as an essential basis for exploring Lakatosian principles related to the approach to mathematical problems. Such perspective is approached here under the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach. The aim is to explore possible relationships between certain philosophical contributions by Lakatos and an approach to problems. This article is structured on the basis of a qualitative, exploratory and bibliographic research. It is intended to contribute to the expansion of studies and reflections involving the field of philosophy and mathematical education. Key-words: Lakatos; Philosophy of mathematics; Proof and Refutation; Mathematical problems; PBL. Principios lakatosianos y el enfoque de los problemas matemáticos desde la perspectiva del pbl: posibles contribuciones Résumé: Imre Lakatos fue un importante filósofo del siglo XX que abordó los conocimientos relacionados con las ciencias y las Matemáticas. Este último está fuertemente explorado en el trabajo Pruebas y Refutación y se trata en este artículo como una base esencial para explorar los principios lakatosianos relacionados con el enfoque de problemas matemáticos. Esta perspectiva se aborda aquí bajo el enfoque de aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP). El objetivo es explorar las posibles relaciones entre determinadas aportaciones filosóficas de Lakatos y una aproximación a los problemas. Este artículo se estructura a partir de una investigación cualitativa, exploratoria y bibliográfica. Se pretende contribuir a la expansión de estudios y reflexiones que involucren el campo de la filosofía y la educación Matemática. Mots-clés: Lakatos ; Filosofía de las Matemáticas ; Pruebas y Refutación ; Problemas matemáticos ; PBL. Financiamento de Pesquisa: CAPES Data de registro: 06/03/2021 Data de aceite: 18/08/2021. (shrink)

The social responsibility field in the organizations has become recently a subject scholars have debated. Despite of the huge discussion regarding to this concept, there is no consensus. Still, there is a confusion related to “social actions,” this way reducing the social responsibility scope as a philanthropic activity. This reductionism is inadequate, distorting the essence of what is supposed to be a socially responsible conduct. The present proposal intends to evaluate enterprises in the Corporate Social Responsibility – CSR. This research (...) will investigate confessional universities in Brazil, which are organizations in higher education that have a relationship with a specific church(s) or religion and are ordinarily dependent upon that religion, through sponsorship and/or board oversight. These universities are skilled in financial reporting, but they have no good process for evaluating and reporting on the programs, activities, and outcomes that relate more directly to their educational and service missions. This paper shows the Brazilian universities scenario on CSR, describes the Hopkins and Wood’s framework followed by an evaluation of a small group of universities through a survey. From the outcomes, the framework may be reformulated, finally displaying the elements to future research and its implications. (shrink)

O presente artigo investiga as intervenções urbanas – pertencentes a um grupo composto por muitas manifestações artísticas realizadas no espaço público – que dialogam com a cidade. Compreendidas como práticas artísticas e socioespaciais, as intervenções urbanas do coletivo lesbiano Velcro Choque (Brasil) são analisadas a partir das potências que surgem com a ocupação das ruas da cidade e da esfera pública, já que tal ato coloca em cheque normas e narrativas históricas, que serão apontadas a partir do viés da crítica (...) feminista da cultura. Conforme mostra a prática do coletivo, o artivismo associado aos feminismos e às dissidências sexuais e de gênero podem oportunizar a criação de subjetividades libertárias e formas de existência e resistência através das produções coletivas nas artes visuais.Palavras-chave: Cidade. Intervenção Urbana. Feminismos. Artivismo. AbstractThis paper investigates urban interventions – belonging to a group composed of many artistic manifestations carried out in the public space – that dialogue with the city. Understanding the urban interventions as an artistic and socio-spatial practice, the production of the lesbian collective Velcro Choque (Brazil) will be analyzed based on the potency that emerges with the occupation of the streets and the public sphere, since this act can put in check historical norms and narratives, which will be pointed out from the bias of the feminist critic of the culture. As the practice of the collective shows, artivism associated with feminism, sexual and gender dissidences can create opportunities for the creation of libertarian subjectivities and forms of existence and resistance through collective productions in the visual arts.Keywords: City. Urban Interventions. Feminisms. Artivism. (shrink)

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a representação da mulher e da família no discurso de Dom Antônio Mazzarotto, primeiro bispo de Ponta Grossa-PR (1930-1965). Dom Antônio Mazzarotto representou o esforço normatizador da instituição católica na diocese que tomou posse em três de Maio de 1930. Nesta desenvolveu em trinta e cinco anos um intenso trabalho pastoral. Uma das estratégias de seu bispado foi à publicação de cartas pastorais para se comunicar com o clero e os fiéis. Durante sua (...) atuação na Diocese de Ponta Grossa o bispo escreveu trinta e seis cartas pastorais, uma a cada ano. Nestas cartas Dom Antônio se posicionou de forma conservadora acerca do casamento e do papel da mulher na família, algo que não fugia à norma da Igreja Católica de então. A normatização feminina perpassa pelos escritos de Dom Antônio, mais especificamente na Carta Pastoral “O Matrimônio Christão- 1934”, documento que aponta a Virgem Maria como modelo ideal de mulher esposa e mãe. Palavras Chave: Casamento, Catolicismo, Mulher.This study aims to analyze the representation of women and family in the speech of Dom Antônio Mazzarotto, first bishop of Ponta Grossa, Paraná (1930-1965). Dom Antônio Mazzarotto represented the effort of normalizing Catholic institution in the diocese in which took office on May 3, 1930. At that institution he developed an intense pastoral work in thirty-five years. One of the strategies of his bishopric was the publication of pastoral letters to communicate with the clergy and the faithful. During his tenure at Ponta Grossa Diocese the bishop wrote thirty-six pastoral letters, one every year. In these letters Dom Antônio stood conservatively about marriage and the role of women in the family, something that did not escape the rule of the Catholic Church then. The normative feminine permeates the writings of Dom Antônio, more specifically in Pastoral Letter “O Matrimônio Christão-1934”, document that shows the Virgin Mary as a model of ideal woman wife and mother. Keywords: Marriage, Catholicism, Woman. (shrink)

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness with higher mortality in older adults. This condition is spread person-to-person through close contact, and among policies employed to decrease transmission are the improvement of hygiene habits and physical distancing. Although social distancing has been recognized as the best way to prevent the transmission, there are concerns that it may promote increased depression symptoms risk and anxiety, mainly in older adults. This cross-sectional study aimed to verify self-concept of social distancing in adults compared to (...) older adults. All participants, over 18 years and residents of São Paulo state, were invited to join this research study by a message application and answered an interdisciplinary questionnaire during the period from May 23 to June 23, 2020. The questions were divided into the following aspects: sociodemographic data, financial conditions, routine-related perception, perception of health, physical and emotional state, and eating habits. The younger adult group was composed of 139 participants, with a mean age of 43.15 years, and the older adult group was composed of 437 participants with a mean age of 67.59 years of both sex. Changes in routine during the period of social distance were reported by 95% of adults and 96.8% of older adults, but adults indicated more significant alterations in routine. Although there was no difference between groups for several aspects, adults revealed greater alterations in sleep quality, evacuation frequency, and more difficulty to perform daily activities at home. Further studies are necessary to follow up the impacts of social distancing among adults and older adults in different socioeconomic contexts to better understand the long-term alterations and the necessity of interventions. (shrink)

A partir da implantação da República, surgiu um movimento de intelectuais que procurou congregar e dinamizar num esforço comum os pensadores de várias áreas do conhecimento, através da revista A Águia, tendo em vista uma nova ordem moral e cívica dentro do ideal democrático. Procurámos dar a conhecer as linhas principais que consubstanciaram o espaço aberto pela revista, as influências recebidas e os debates que a animaram.

Artificial intelligence has been adopted in a wide range of domains. This shows the imperative need to contribute to making citizens insightful actors in debates and decisions involving the adoption of AI mechanisms. Currently, existing approaches to the teaching of basic AI concepts through programming treat machine intelligence as an external element/module. After being trained, that external module is coupled to the main application. Combining block-based programming and WiSARD weightless artificial neural networks, this article presents the conceptualization and design of (...) a new methodology, AI from concrete to abstract, to endow general people with a minimum understanding of what AI means. The main strategy adopted was to include AI training and classification primitives as blocks that compose an otherwise conventional computer program. This way, the programmer can use these blocks as he/she uses other programming constructs. In order to achieve this purpose, we also propose BlockWiSARD, a block-based programming environment designed to promote the demystification of artificial intelligence via practical activities related to the development of learning machines, as well as through the observation of their learning process. As a beneficial side effect of BlockWiSARD, the difference between a program capable of learning from data and a conventional computer program becomes more evident. In addition, the simplicity of the WiSARD weightless artificial neural network model enables easy visualization and understanding of training and classification tasks internal realization. (shrink)

Despite their tensions and contradictions, the various discourses about globalization reveal a desire to build the space and time of the encounter between worlds and cultures, through the persistence of a dialogue that approximates distances, but respects differences. A considerable part of the political, cultural, urban, linguistic formation of the Western world has given rise to motives and solutions of the institution of the poles and cosmopolis of the Ancient World. On the other hand, mobility can even be considered a (...) characteristic trait of Luso-Brazilian culture, from the Portuguese discoveries and their cultural production, in the first steps of the Jesuit literature in Brazil, especially in José de Anchieta, passing by António Vieira, Machado de Assis, Guimarães Rosa, among others. For this reason, the presence and the different nuances of the theme of mobility and the cosmopolis of old in the reception of Classical Antiquity in the Portuguese language literature are also a central theme of the volume... https://books.google.be/books/about/Cosmópolis.html?id=4C3ODQAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y. (shrink)

Resumo: Conhecer os deveres que temos em relação às gerações futuras é cada vez mais urgente, diante da degradação individual, social e ambiental que a humanidade enfrenta. O presente artigo pretende mostrar, de início, a complexidade filosófica dessa questão, indicando que, nos enunciados sobre o assunto, há três pressuposições filosoficamente problemáticas: 1) haverá gerações futuras; 2) nossas ações são contingentes; e 3) somos responsáveis por nossos impactos sobre as próximas gerações. Discutimos essas suposições, por meio das questões sobre a eternidade (...) do mundo, a existência da liberdade e o significado de dever, e abordamos, em seguida, as ideias convergentes de Hans Jonas e Ulrich Beck, as quais apontam que a singularidade do poder que a tecnologia conferiu ao ser humano requer agora um novo pensamento ético. Na conclusão, argumentamos que é preciso definir deveres em relação às gerações futuras e elencamos quais seriam, a nosso ver, os principais deles, levando em conta a ideia de incerteza, alcançada tanto por meio das discussões filosóficas apresentadas quanto a partir da nova conjuntura tecnocientífica de nosso tempo.: Debates on our duties to future generations are increasingly urgent if we consider the individual, social, and human degradation of the present day. This article points out the philosophical complexity that underlies these debates, first indicating that the following assumptions are present in every statement concerning our duties to future generations: 1) there will be future generations; 2) our actions are contingent; 3) we are responsible for the way our actions impact future generations. The first three sections discuss each of these assumptions by presenting the debates over the eternity of the world, the existence of freedom, and the idea of duty. In the following sections we present the convergent ideas of Hans Jonas and Ulrich Beck, so as to argue that as technology has given humankind an unprecedented power over the world, a new kind of ethical thought is required. Finally, taking into account the idea of incertitude that arises both from the philosophical issues discussed and from our current techno-scientific context, we conclude by arguing that we should formulate our duties regarding future generations and specify those that are our main obligations. (shrink)

In this essay we will argue for the following theses: 1- know-how is not a form of practical knowledge devoid of propositional sense; 2- the relationship between each perception and the body itself is metaphysically contingent (organisms and bodies can vary, as can even the spaces they occupy in the same experience vary), 3- it is up to the brain to configure or to shape a physical body (Körper) into a living body (Leib) and not the other way around; 4- (...) phenomenal externalism of enactivist nature, even in its mild form, is empirically implausible: the correlation between the conscious character of sensory experience with spatiotemporal neuronal patterns is much more systematic and regular than with anything outside the brain. But in its radical form is entirely implausible and contra-intuitive: phenomenal duplicates are not necessarily duplicates of agency; in short, 5-we are our own brain that has a body, avatars, and artifacts, properly configured, and molded by the brain, and not a body that has a brain among other essential organs. (shrink)

O artigo procura abordar como produtos audiovisuais sobre cenas do metal em territórios africanos ao mesmo tempo em que se propõem a divulgar um outro olhar sobre as culturas africanas, também parecem reproduzir os discursos ocidentais construídos historicamente sobre suas sociedades e suas culturas locais. Para tanto, realizaremos uma análise fílmica do documentário Death Metal Angola, a qual apresentou mundialmente a existência de uma rede musical angolana dedicada ao subgênero death metal. Refletiremos até que ponto as economias, as sociedades e (...) as culturas africanas, cujas histórias têm sido retratadas constantemente de forma pessimista pela mídia internacional, estão sendo reimaginadas pelo cenário global-local através desse produto fílmico. (shrink)

ObjectiveThis study aims to analyze sociohistorically how the normative patterns of hegemonic masculinity produced impacts on men’s health/mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA qualitative study from a socio-historical perspective was conducted with 50 men based on an online survey. A semistructured form was applied. The data were analyzed by the Collective Subject Discourse method, interpreted in the light of the context of epidemic disease and hegemonic masculinity.ResultsThe experience of the pandemic exposed the normative patterns of masculinities from (...) the consummation of acts representative of the pandemic context, which incited men to deny the existence of COVID-19 disease and to delay the understanding and adoption of measures to protect and control COVID-19. As a repercussion, men presented conflicts in the regulation of emotions; presented emotional suppression; were more reactive; felt threatened regarding the loss of the role of family provider, virility; and revealed a sense of invulnerability, added to the weakening of self-care.ConclusionThe discourse revealed that the men’s behaviors are consistent with the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity, but express signs of recognition that this behavior causes harm to themselves and their health. (shrink)

IntroductionMother–child interactions during the first years of life have a significant impact on the emotional and cognitive development of the child. In this work, we study how a prenatal diagnosis of malformation may affect maternal representations and the quality of these early interactions. To this end, we conducted a longitudinal observational study of mother–child interactions from the gestational stage until the baby completed 12 months of age.Participants and MethodsWe recruited 250 pregnant women from a local university hospital. Among them, 50 (...) mother–infant dyads participated in all stages of the study. The study group consisted of 25 pregnant women with fetuses with some structural alteration and the control group consisted of 25 pregnant women with fetuses without structural anomalies. We collected obstetric and socio demographic data and pregnancy outcomes. Anxiety and depressive state data were collected using the COVI and Raskin Scales. We video-recorded the mother–infant interactions during several stages, including when the child was a newborn and when the child was 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. The quality of the mother infant interactions were measured using the Coding Interactive Behavior. The interactive moments recorded on video was composed of three different activities, each one lasting appoximately 3 min, which included Free Interaction, where the mother was instructed to interact “as usual” without any toy, Toy Interaction, where the mother and baby played with a puppv, and Song Interaction, where the mother and baby interacted while the mother sang the “Happy Birthday” song.ResultsIn the gestational phase, there was a significant difference between the groups with respect to anxiety and depression scores, which were significantly higher for the study group. In the postnatal phase, we found significant differences between the groups with respect to CIB scales after the child completed 6 months of age: the study group presented significantly higher values of Maternal Sensitivity at 6 months of age, of Baby Involvement at 9 and 12 months of age, and of Dyadic Reciprocity at 6, 9, and 12 months of age, while the control group presented significantly higher values of Withdrawal of the Baby at 6 months of age, and of Dyadic Negative States at 6 and 9 months of age.ConclusionThe support offered by the study favored the mother–infant bond and had a positive effect on the quality of interaction during the first year of life, despite the presence of prenatal diagnosis. (shrink)

A pandemia de COVID-19 já levou à morte mais de cem mil brasileiros. A doença impõe um debate sobre o papel do Estado na segurança alimentar e na agricultura sustentável, que foram diretamente atingidas pelo isolamento social. O presente artigo, fruto a pesquisa exploratória doutrinária, objetiva fundamentar atuação do Poder Público durante a pandemia, pelo Princípio da Fraternidade, para a realização do Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 02 da Organização das Nações Unidas, que prevê metas para erradicação da fome, melhoria da (...) segurança alimentar, da nutrição e da agricultura sustentável. (shrink)

We aimed to characterize the age of onset of training, age at menarche, menstrual periodicity, and performance perception during the menstrual cycle and examined the impact of these reproductive variables on body composition, morphology, and body weight satisfaction in Brazilian elite futsal players. The study consisted of 115 female Brazilian elite futsal players from the top national teams. Data were collected during the twentieth Women’s Brazil Futsal Cup. Players were interviewed and self-reported their age of onset of training, age at (...) menarche, menstrual periodicity, and the menstrual period, where they performed best. We also asked for what they considered to be their ideal body weight as well as information related to their training. Subsequently, anthropometric measurements were performed to estimate the body composition and determine morphological characteristics. Fifty-nine players were postmenarche-trained and 52 were premenarche-trained. Eighteen, 65, and 28 were classified as early, normal, and late menarche, respectively. Only 11 and 1 had irregular menstrual cycles and were amenorrheic, respectively. Seventy-three, 23, and 9 reported that their game performance was the best at the follicular phase, menses, and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, respectively. No associations between the four reproductive-related variables were found. Postmenarche-trained players had significant lower age at menarche and higher percentage body fat. The somatotype profile registered lower ectomorphy rate for the postmenarche-trained participants after controlling for covariates. Early menarche group presented higher sum of six skinfold thickness and endomorphy rate compared to normal and late menarche groups. No differences were found when menstrual periodicity groups and best performance groups were compared, except for higher femur width in the regular menstrual cycle group compared to the irregular one. The association between body weight satisfaction and the four reproductive-related variables were not observed. Premenarche-trained Brazilian elite futsal players had the menarche later than the postmenarche-trained athletes. Most of the participants had menarche age classified as “normal,” presented “regular” menstrual cycles and perceived to perform better during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. (shrink)

Businesses that maintain ethical standards have an advantage in the marketplace based on the increasing interest of consumers in products that have a social and ethical component. Fair trade organisations that adopt environmental, social and ethical principles in trading are in a good position to make the most of this growing interest in the market. However, it is unclear whether fair trade organisations are taking full advantage of emerging market opportunities for ethically traded products. This research explores this issue by (...) describing the business strategies of three fair trade organisations that import and sell craft goods into Western countries and evaluates them in the context of this growing market. The research findings indicate that in order to remain in business, fair trade craft organisations have had to adopt better business practices in recent years, improving quality, customer service and product offerings to customers. However, growth appears to be limited, as distribution remains focused on a small, niche market. This paper explores the distribution strategies of two fair trade commodity organisations that are successfully reaching a wider customer base, demonstrating that fair trade products have a unique selling advantage in the mainstream marketplace. In conclusion, fair trade craft organisations are not exploiting this market opportunity to the degree they should and will need to explore wider distribution and alternative business strategies to expand their market share. (shrink)

In this essay we will argue for the following theses: 1- know-how is not a form of practical knowledge devoid of propositional sense; 2- the relationship between each perception and the body itself is metaphysically contingent. 3- it is up to the brain to configure or to shape a physical body (Körper) into a living body (Leib) and not the other way around; 4- phenomenal externalism of enactivist nature, even in its mild form, is empirically implausible: the correlation between the (...) conscious character of sensory experience with spatiotemporal neuronal patterns is much more systematic and regular than with anything outside the brain. But in its radical form is entirely implausible and contra-intuitive: phenomenal duplicates are not necessarily duplicates of agency; in short, 5-we are our own brain that has a body, avatars, and artifacts, properly configured and molded by the brain, and not a body that has a brain among other essential organs. (shrink)

This book offers a powerful, comprehensive and compelling rereading of Hobbes's theory of representation, by reinstating it in a wider pattern of Hobbes’s theorizing about human thought and action in relation to images, roles and fictions of various types.

This chapter contains sections titled: Route Finding and the Creation of a Commons Creating Value, Building Community Property Rights and Climbing Conclusion Notes.

Child mortality (the mortality of children less than five years old) declined considerably in the developing world in the 1990s, but infant mortality declined less. The reductions in neonatal mortality were not impressive and, as a consequence, there is an increasing percentage of infant deaths in the neonatal period. Any further reduction in child mortality, therefore, requires an understanding of the determinants of neonatal mortality. 209,628 birth and 2581 neonatal death records for the 1998 birth cohort from the city of (...) São Paulo, Brazil, were probabilistically matched. Data were from SINASC and SIM, Information Systems on Live Births and Deaths of Brazil. Logistic regression was used to find the association between neonatal mortality and the following risk factors: birth weight, gestational age, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, delivery mode, plurality, sex, maternal education, maternal age, number of prior losses, prenatal care, race, parity and community development. Infants of older mothers were less likely to die in the neonatal period. Caesarean delivery was not found to be associated with neonatal mortality. Low birth weight, pre-term birth and low Apgar scores were associated with neonatal death. Having a mother who lives in the highest developed community decreased the odds of neonatal death, suggesting that factors not measured in this study are behind such association. This result may also indicate that other factors over and above biological and more proximate factors could affect neonatal death. (shrink)

Although it is commonly believed that the concept of brain death was developed to benefit organ transplants, it evolved independently. Transplantation owed its development to advances in surgery and immunosuppressive treatment; BD owed its origin to the development of intensive care. The first autotransplant was achieved in the early 1900s, when studies of increased intracranial pressure causing respiratory arrest with preserved heartbeat were reported. Between 1902 and 1950, the BD concept was supported by the discovery of EEG, Crile’s definition of (...) death, the use of EEG to demonstrate abolition of brain potentials after ischaemia, and Crafoord’s statement that death was due to cessation of blood flow. Transplantation saw the first xenotransplant in humans and the first unsuccessful kidney transplant from a cadaver. In the 1950s, circulatory arrest in coma was identified by angiography, and the death of the nervous system and coma dépassé were described. Murray performed the first successful kidney transplant. In the 1960s, the BD concept and organ transplants were instantly linked when the first kidney transplant using a brain-dead donor was performed; Schwab proposed to use EEG in BD; the Harvard Committee report and the Sydney Declaration appeared; the first successful kidney, lung and pancreas transplants using cadaveric donors were achieved; Barnard performed the first human heart transplant. This historical review demonstrates that the BD concept and organ transplantation arose separately and advanced in parallel, and only began to progress together in the late 1960s. Therefore, the BD concept did not evolve to benefit transplantation. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article, we seek, based on the analysis of publications and receptions of works that comprise the referential of Dialogic Discourse Analysis (DDA) in Brazil and a resumption of the trajectory already traced by Brazilian researchers, discuss the path that led to the consolidation of DDA in the country. Thus, four phases of DDA in Brazil are listed. At the first reception phase, scattered readings were identified, based on publications of some works from the Bakhtin Circle in Russian, (...) French, English, Spanish and Italian. The second phase, on its turn, was marked by the publication of the first Brazilian editions of the Circle’s works. At the third phase, Brazilian scholars sought to systematize the concepts and methodologies present in the Circle’s works. Finally, at the last phase, in which we currently are, we seek to consolidate and contextualize DDA more and more through, mainly, the publication of works translated by DDA’s researchers, with critical and historical notes. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the Brazilian Supreme Court ruling on the case of anencephaly. In Brazil, abortion is a crime against the life of a fetus, and selective abortion of non‐viable fetuses is prohibited. Following a paradigmatic case discussed by the Brazilian Supreme Court in 2004, the use of abortion was authorized in the case of a fetus with anencephaly. The objective of this paper is to analyze the ethical arguments of the case, in particular the strategy of avoiding the moral (...) status of the fetus, the cornerstone thesis of the Catholic Church. (shrink)

A grande incidência de adolescentes com depressão, ideação suicida, tentativa de suicídio e suicídio em todo o mundo vem se apresentando como uma das principais causas de doença e incapacidade. Múltiplos fatores determinam a saúde mental de um estudante. O objetivo desse artigo é descrever os indicadores de depressão, suicídio e habilidades sociais em estudantes do ensino médio no ambiente escolar. O estudo de caso investigou indicadores sobre a depressão, relacionados a habilidades sociais e ideação suicida no contexto escolar. Foi (...) desenvolvido com base na pesquisa social e o tipo de abordagem é fenomenológico, trata-se de uma pesquisa que emprega técnicas quantitativa, qualitativa e descritiva por meio da pesquisa de campo, realizada no ambiente escolar. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário socioacadêmico e dois testes psicológicos. Diante dos resultados da pesquisa percebeu-se que 60% da amostra apresentou algum indicador de depressão. Então, foi identificada que quanto menor a frequência dos comportamentos, maior é a dificuldade e menos elaborado é o repertório de habilidades sociais dos adolescentes. Portanto, o ambiente escolar pode ser mais um local para desenvolver as habilidades sociais do estudante e trabalhar com programas de prevenção a depressão e suicídio. (shrink)

Nossa condição humana contemporânea está inter-relacionada com o avanço do domínio das aplicações tecnológicas para vários aspectos da vida biológica, existencial e política, levantando uma postura reflexiva diante das tecnologias de informação. Se é verdade que o projeto baconiano estimula, a partir do século XVI, o controle sobre a natureza, a partir dos séculos XVII e XVIII, a Europa testemunhou o nascimento de duas formas de poder moderno: o poder disciplinar e o biopoder. Assim, a estratégia adotada para o exercício (...) do controle sobre os seres humanos assume proporções individuais e sociais como também as mentes. Na medida em que a imaginação é fonte de exercício de liberdade, mesmo que momentânea entre as subjetividades disciplinadas, as tecnologias de informação representam a capacidade de interferir no nível pré-cognitivo, misturando as fronteiras que representam a modernidade: o corpo e a mente, a razão e a paixão, a liberdade e a responsabilidade. Testemunhamos, especialmente a partir do século XX em diante o surgimento do controle tal como exercido pela psicopolítica. (shrink)

RESUMO Neste artigo, busca-se, a partir da análise das publicações e das recepções das obras que compõem o referencial da análise dialógica do discurso (ADD) no Brasil e de uma retomada da trajetória já traçada por pesquisadoras(es) brasileiras(os), discorrer sobre o percurso que levou à consolidação da ADD no país. Desse modo, listam-se quatro fases da ADD no Brasil. Na primeira fase da recepção, identificam-se leituras esparsas, realizadas a partir de publicações de algumas obras do Círculo de Bakhtin em russo, (...) francês, inglês, espanhol e italiano. Já a segunda fase foi marcada pela publicação das primeiras edições brasileiras de obras do Círculo. Na terceira fase, procurou-se sistematizar os conceitos e metodologias presentes nas obras do Círculo. Por fim, na última fase, na qual nos encontramos atualmente, busca-se consolidar e contextualizar cada vez mais a ADD, através, principalmente, da publicação de obras traduzidas por pesquisadores da ADD, com notas críticas e históricas. (shrink)

Dissertação de Mestrado GUIMARÃES, Débora. A Igreja como mãe suficientemente boa à luz dos conceitos de Winnicott . 2012. 108 folhas. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Belo Horizonte. Palavras-chave : Igreja. Doutrina social. Mãe Suficientemente Boa. Key words : Church. Social Doctrine. Good-enough Mother.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con el objetivo de caracterizar la dieta cetogénica como una alternativa en el tratamiento de la epilepsia refractaria en niños para mejorar su calidad de vida, con la consiguiente disminución de su costo económico. La epilepsia catastrófica o refractaria es un problema social de salud que la padecen pacientes pediátricos, generalmente en los primeros días de vida, de difícil control y con múltiples crisis pese al empleo de fármacos antiepilépticos en dosis tóxica, e incluye diferentes (...) síndromes y enfermedades con características propias. Esta dieta ofrece una esperanza para aquellos pacientes que se resisten al tratamiento con medicamentos y su solución representa un valor social porque su beneficio supera el costo. A descriptive study with objective to characterize the ketogenic diet as alternative in the treatment of the refractory epilepsy in children for elevating their quality of life, with the consequent decreasing of its economic cost, was carried out. The catastrophic or refractory epilepsy is one health social problem that the pediatric patient suffers, generally in the first days of life, the hard control and with numerous crisis despite of the use of antiepileptic drugs in toxic doses, and include different syndromes and diseases with own characteristics. This diet offers one hope, and its solution represents a social value because the benefit overcomes the cost for those patients that resist the drug treatment. (shrink)

Research shows the experience of awe is associated with a variety of benefits ranging from increased well-being and prosocial behavior to enhanced cognition. The adaptive purpose of awe, however, is elusive. In this article, we aim to show that the current framework used to conceptualize awe points towards higher-order cognition as the key adaptive function. This goes against past evolutionary positions that posit social benefits or unidimensional behavioral adaptations. In the second half of the article, we highlight a distinct cognitive (...) advantage of awe. The literature connecting awe and cognition is surveyed and used to develop a view that situates awe as a critical component in the cognitive success of the human species. (shrink)

La física durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX experimentó una silenciosa pero profunda revisión de sus fundamentos. A pesar de su importancia para los desarrollos posteriores de la física, los estudios históricos y filosóficos sobre dicho periodo son escasos comparados con aquellos de principios del siglo XX. Este trabajo reconstruye algunos aspectos de la física de este periodo usando dos herramientas conceptuales: espacios controversiales de Oscar Nudler y estilo de razonamiento científico de Ian Hacking. El objetivo es mostrar los (...) elementos que produjeron el desbloqueo conceptual de la controversia sobre el determinismo durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. (shrink)

In recent years, Western countries have been experiencing a growing wave of immigration. Due to this development, these countries are facing great challenges in successfully integrating large numbers of immigrants and in preserving social cohesion. Research has already developed several assumptions about and models of how acculturation processes occur. The present contribution aims to investigate the relationship between the acculturation (and acculturation profiles) of immigrants and naturalization in their residence countries. Based on representative and longitudinal data, our investigation is a (...) case study on Germany – one of the main receiving countries in recent years. Results show that acculturation in the country of residence is crucial for immigrants’ motivation to take up citizenship. Likewise naturalization leads to an increase in identification with the residence country. (shrink)

While systems concepts had a tremendous impact on social thought in the1950s and 1960s, they are increasingly under attack in the current postmodem climate with its emphasis on particularity and difference. The idea of the system is associated with technocracy, hierarchical forms of social organization, and the suppression of individual difference. However, there is a significant body of work within the systems tradition that fosters an appreciation of diversity through its ecological orientation, and supports more participatory forms of social organization (...) based on its understanding of the self-organizing nature of living systems. While the issue of cultural diversity is often addressed in oppositional terms, I suggest that it might be more effectively served through an appreciation of the global interdependence between all peoples and between humans and nature that can only be sustained on a cooperative and participatory basis. (shrink)

Resumo: Focamos neste trabalho algumas das tensões vivenciadas por professores pesquisadores vinculados ao sistema de Pós-graduação brasileiro, no contexto das transformações recentes da universidade. Os protagonistas da PG buscam alternativas éticas para o que consideram descaminhos na produção de conhecimentos no contexto científico. O trabalho decorre dos resultados de um conjunto de pesquisas sobre temas associados à produção em nível stricto sensu, desenvolvidas na última década por diversos pesquisadores em grupos ou projetos de investigação. Os resultados vêm mostrando cada vez (...) maior interferência de organismos nacionais de regulação, controle e avaliação do sistema de PG no funcionamento da universidade, ferindo a sua autonomia. Em consequência, os professores pesquisadores que atuam na PG veem-se compelidos a obedecer a dois ‘patrões’, ou ‘senhorios’, cujas exigências são distintas e não raro antagônicas. Diante dos frequentes conflitos entre as exigências, prevalece a subserviência ao órgão externo, já que as próprias IES estão sob avaliação destes órgãos. Neste contexto, emerge o debate sobre a excelência da produção acadêmico-científica, trazendo-se à tona os limites da produção/produtivismo. Como contribuição trazemos a noção de pertinência territorial para pensar outra possível modalidade de excelência. Por fim, enriquecemos a discussão da problemática, a partir da perspectiva do pensamento decolonial, que envolve a crítica ao eurocentrismo vigente em nossa academia e propõe o ‘penso onde sou’ como caminho para que a produção científica encontre alternativas, conectadas com as realidades e necessidades dos territórios em que estão instaladas as universidades e seus programas de PG. (shrink)